Why do ZK-Rollups use Layer-1 only for verification? Learn how separating execution from settlement ensures security, mathematical finality, and decentralization.

Scott Nevil is an experienced writer and editor with a demonstrated history of publishing content for Investopedia. He goes in-depth to create informative and actionable content around monetary policy ...

How does Layer-1 finalize rollup state? Learn how smart contracts verify state roots using Fraud Proofs and Validity Proofs to secure Optimistic and ZK-Rollups.

As the world edges closer to a decentralized digital future, the importance of foundational blockchain structures, especially Layer 1 protocols, cannot be overstated. These protocols determine the ...

Over five months after Google Cloud announced a partnership with CME Group, Rich Widmann, the tech giant’s head of Web3 strategy, confirmed Tuesday that the company's Universal Ledger is indeed a ...