In classical control theory, both open-loop and closed-loop control systems are commonly used. These systems are well understood and rather straightforward, controlling everything from washing ...

Control engineering is a multidisciplinary field that underpins modern automation and system regulation by applying mathematical models and feedback strategies to achieve desired performance in ...

Optimal control theory constitutes a cornerstone of modern applied mathematics, addressing the challenge of determining control strategies that optimise a given performance criterion for dynamical ...