Plate subduction traverses multiple Earth spheres, transporting surface and lithospheric materials to the deep interior and reaching the core-mantle boundary (CMB). Conversely, mantle plumes convey ...

This thematic area focuses on examining the interactions between the diversifying use of natural resources, ecosystem services and the different spheres in a changing environment. Main research groups ...

The Earth is a sphere, and it comprises spheres: atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere and biosphere -- in short, all of the cycles that interact to influence Earth's weather and climate.

Ocean microbes are vital to the Earth's ecosystems, and their interactions with ocean viruses can have dramatic effects on processes ranging from oxygen production to food supply. Marine biologists ...