Most operational systems still use a single-layer ionosphere model with a fixed effective height, despite the ionosphere’s strong spatial, temporal, and solar-driven variability. This simplification ...

This study presents a multi-layer ionosphere mapping approach that moves beyond the widely used single-layer assumption. By representing the ionosphere as a vertically structured system rather than a ...

The researchers modeled the ionosphere as a series of thin layers whose vertical structure follows established electron density profiles, allowing slant GNSS signals to intersect multiple ionospheric ...

The results demonstrate that the multi-layer strategy consistently improves accuracies in receiver bias estimation and global ionosphere mapping, particularly under disturbed ionospheric conditions, ...