Summary: For over a century, potassium ions were viewed as mere passengers in the brain—particles that flow through channels ...

(Nanowerk Spotlight) Biological brains compute using ions, not electrons. Every signal between neurons depends on charged atoms passing through protein channels embedded in cell membranes, a system ...

Differences in the surface negative charge between EXOs and PM-EVs manifest as variations in target cell specificity and pharmacokinetics. Therefore, zeta potential measurement can serve as one of the ...

Researchers from the National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Nagoya City University, and Tokyo Metropolitan Institute ...