Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) is a surface-sensitive analytical technique that provides information about the elemental composition, chemical state, and electronic structure of a material's surface ...

Spectroscopy methods have been around for a long time now and have been widely used throughout the chemical, biological and engineering fields for many years. Since nanotechnology has developed into ...

There are two photoelectron spectroscopy techniques which are widely used to analyze the surface of a nanomaterial. These are X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ultraviolet photoelectron ...